Cake Mistakes and Kooky Cookies

Cake Mistakes and Kooky Cookies Cake Mistakes and Kooky Cookies Cake Mistakes and Kooky Cookies By Mark Nichol The issue with spelling-tested cake decorators is that they don’t need to backpedal on everything that was said, so once in a while they get somewhat imprudent, or show their numbness on the icing. What's more, however the buyers can attempt to eat up the proof, there consistently is by all accounts someone around to report the sweet screw-ups. Missing the messy lettering, this is a very much done icing work. Be that as it may, not exclusively is the cursive composing wretched (note the m and the n specifically), the cake decorator is additionally one of the apparently countless individuals who erroneously accepts that the right method to shape a plural is to include a punctuation and a s. Employment candidates for this profession ought to need to breeze through an English assessment. Close to Pennsylvania State University’s terrible football-program embarrassment, this is a unimportant issue: The cake decorator incorrectly spelled the main expression of this message. In an odd manner, however, it works when deciphered as a progression of the sort of monosyllabic snorts you’d anticipate that football enthusiasts should express: â€Å"Here.† (Getting consideration.) â€Å"Us.† (Identifying the subjects.) â€Å"Roar.† (Describing the subjects’ activities.) In the event that you eat an excessive number of these things, â€Å"Huge me† may be a fitting confirmation. Be that as it may, there is no quiet e in embrace, people. Not exclusively does the decorator have poor cursive aptitudes, however the individual additionally amazingly dedicated three mistakes in three words comprising (when rendered effectively) of an aggregate of eight letters and a few imprints. Other than precluding the possessive punctuation and s required in it’s and spelling young lady erroneously, the culprit neglected to prompt energy with a shout point. It a gril. Ho-murmur. Alright, let’s kick back and consider this for a second: This is a show of crafted by somebody who either has never known about the Star Trek establishment (outlandish) or submitted this odd transposition blunder while intoxicated or in any case debilitated (profoundly impossible, taking into account that the lettering work is in any case praiseworthy). All in all, is this an inside joke about teleportation? Profoundly counter-intuitive, Captain, yet entrancing. This blunder likewise calls for examination. My conclusion: The message was called in: â€Å"I’d like it to state ‘Sheri,’ with an i.† The cake decorator deciphered the message in an unexpected way. Why? Who in their correct brain would think the message, as introduced, has any significance to anybody? The culprit was clearly not intellectually connected with or was intellectually unsettled during the innovative procedure. â€Å"Your cute† what? Gracious, the decorator came up short on space for â€Å"smile† or whatever. Wrong. It ought to be â€Å"You’re cute.† But the quantity of individuals who don’t know or comprehend the contrast among you’re and your is expanding exponentially, in my discernment and our treat decorator is one of them. These pictures are from the sites Apostrophe Abuse, English Fail Blog, and Wordsplosion! Need to improve your English shortly a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities every day! Continue learning! Peruse the General class, check our famous posts, or pick a related post below:How to Format a UK Business Letter35 Genres and Other Varieties of Fiction10 Tips About How to Write a Caption

Billy Elliot Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Billy Elliot - Essay Example In the scene, he tap moves away his dissatisfaction to the music of ‘a town called malice’ by the jam. Moving shows up as a livelihood for Billy as he battles generalizations from his dad and sibling to seek after moving instead of the coalmining grasped by his family. Billy’s tap move scene is noteworthy as the discourse between the four characters in the scene impact. The scene witnesses Billy’s sibling, father, himself, and Mrs. Wilkinson. The discourse of the four characters on Billy’s future educates the crowd much about them. Mrs. Wilkinson and Tony heave maltreatment at one another indicating both their anxiety and love for Billy, in spite of the fact that from changing points of view (Daldry). Their maltreatment shows that the two of them care for Billy’s future though from their own limited perspectives on what he ought to become and seek after. The two characters are disappointed about each other’s see on Billy’s future yet they all need the best for him. The scene opens up in the kitchen which gives the crowd a claustrophobia feeling. This setting is crucial in showing Billy’s inner clash at that point. He battles to manage cultural and familial desires set on him. Mrs. Wilkinson, his move instructor anticipates that him should turn into a potential achievement while he additionally gets entrusted with thinking about her grandma experiencing dementia. He additionally battles against the sexual orientation job generalizations dug in the public arena. The camera shots during the scene likewise show the distinction in class and talk among Billy and the three grown-ups at the table. The camera moves to and fro from the high edge of Billy point of view to the eye level shots of the grown-ups. The distinction in perspectives in the scene speaks to the talk on Billy’s discernment about himself and what the grown-ups consider him. At the point when Billy tap moves indignantly in the scene, it speaks to that moving is a business for him. His move suggests the way that he can move his torment away (Daldry). This shows

Wal-Mart v. Dukes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wal-Mart v. Dukes - Research Paper Example The case went through the locale court, ninth Circuit, ninth Circuit en banc lastly to the US Supreme Court in which the Supreme Court turned around the choice of the ninth Circuit en banc on various grounds which draws in heartfelt help on my part. 1. Contentions for the Supreme Court choice There are various purposes behind the rightness of the choice of the Supreme Court, which might be found on the judgment itself as passed by the Supreme Court, and summarized as follows: I) There must be a typical method of practicing circumspection which ought to be available all through the organization and the respondents for this situation couldn't show it. It was amazing to finish up by the judges that all the administrators would practice caution in a typical manner with no regular heading. (Wal Mart 15-16). II) The measurable proof which was given by the respondents was lacking to demonstrate their hypothesis on a class wide premise regardless of whether it is taken that they were right a t first sight (Wal Mart 16). III) according to Rule 23(a) (2), it was to see if even a solitary regular inquiry existed between the class so as to decide shared trait for a class activity and found by the court that as the respondents couldn't give any persuading proof to show that a companywide biased and advancement approach existed, the presence of any basic inquiry isn't built up (Wal Mart 19). IV) The respondents likewise gave narrative proof in help. Respondents submitted around 120 sworn statements, which is equal to 1 for each 12,500 individuals for this situation. Half of the reports are focused uniquely on six states and half of the considerable number of States have just a couple of instances of sexual segregation. 14 States have no stories. Regardless of whether all the records are taken to be genuine it doesn't show that the entire organization works under a typical approach of segregation (Wal Mart 18). V) If the request for financial alleviation of the respondent unde r Rule 23 (b)(2) Civil Procedure is contemplated ,it was not right as Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(b)(2) is for injunctive or decisive help and not for money related alleviation (Wal Mart 20). VI) Commonality requires in excess of a supposed normal infringement of a similar law (Hyman). The minor case that they have endured a Title VII injury won’t be sufficient to offer ascent to class activity; they should have some normal dispute also (Wal Mart 9). As such the respondent’s activity under Rule 23 was not appropriate. 2) Impact of the choice on future cases Despite the legitimate precision and legitimization of the Supreme Court choice the choice may have some awful effect so far future cases on a similar issue are concerned. The effect might be summarized as follows: I) The court’s choice of turning around the case can hurt the implementation of social equality and work segregation laws. The Supreme Court’s choice of decertifying the Dukes class a ctivity may make it difficult for different offended parties to bring class activities relying upon the court’s thinking (Wal Mart v. Dukes 10). II) The truth of the matter is that in the moment case the Supreme didn't lead on benefits of the offended parties cases and this might be the explanation that Wal Mart may confront a great many individual or different offended party claims charging that a specific administrator had oppressed ladies (Murray 2). III) It will be hard for the offended parties to acquire class accreditation in all cases. After the choice on this case, it

Napolean Essays - French Emperors, House Of Bonaparte, France

Napolean Patriotism is the dedication of individuals to the interests of its country or the affection for one's nation to remain autonomous. Patriotism assumed a significant job in the ruin of Napoleon in that he needed a domain and his adversary's needed freedom. As Napoleon was overcoming lands and making a huge realm his troops worried in the far grounds that they vanquished life, freedom and fairness. Despite the fact that Napoleon didn't understand it activated nationalistic emotions among the vanquished countries. Spain who was a partner of France, defied Napoleon's pronouncement. At that point in 1808 Napoleon ousted the Spanish illustrious family and made his sibling Joseph ruler of Spain. However, everything that Napoleon did, for example, put in an outside ruler, remove respectable benefits annoyed Spanish pride and made nationalistic sentiments. The individuals of Spain revolted in 1808. The French troops halted the mobs, yet the nationalistic soul was most certainly not lost. For the following five years there was fighting in Spain. English troops came to help Spain. This prompted the thrashing of Joseph, passing of thousands of French soldiers and it motivated loyalists and patriots of different grounds to oppose Napoleon. This war between 1808 and 1813 is known as The Peninsular War. In Germany, hostile to French emotions broke out. In any case, the French attacks conveyed German patriotism past the little positions of authors. In 1807 scholars assaulted French control of Germany. This nationalistic inclination spread to the Prussians. In 1806 the Prussians were crushed by the French soldiers. To drive the French out of Prussia there would need to be a feeling of collaboration and unwaveringness. To achieve this there would need to be social and political changes. A reformer said that if social manhandles were disposed of the Prussians could battle with national respect. Military changes improved the Prussian armed force. In the War of Liberation(1813), the fighters demonstrated extraordinary sentiments of enthusiasm and patriotism. What's more, the French were driven out of Prussia. Russia, who was a partner of France conflicted with the expression of Napoleon. So Napoleon chose to attack Russia. Napoleon's Grand Armed force had 700,000 individuals in it. A large portion of officers were not French what's more, couldn't have cared less for the war. In 1812 when Napoleon started the intrusion, Russia withdrew. As they were withdrawing they consumed all yields which were important. At the point when Napoleon came to Moscow, the Russians consumed the city. Much more terrible the winter was in a couple of months. The Russians likewise crushed the food gracefully to Napoleon. Numerous fighters starved to death. Napoleon chose to retreat back to France. In transit back Russian Cossacks butchered the warriors who fell behind. Napoleon relinquished his armed force and returned to France. In 1813 pretty much every country in Europe participated in the last alliance against France. Napoleon raised another military yet proved unable supplant the hardware lost in Russia. In October 1813 partnered powers from Russia, Austria, Prussia, and Sweden crushed Napoleon at Leipzig. By April 1814 the alliance involved Paris, Napoleon was banished to the island of Elba. The alliance made harmony with France. They reestablishes Bourbon government to position of royalty in the individual of Louis. Anyway Napoleon got away Elba and came back to France in walk of 1815. Louis requested his soldiers to stop Napoleon, yet nobody did. As Napoleon entered Paris he got a cheer. He raised another military also, on June 18 1815 he moved against the partners in Belgium. There the Prussians and the British crushed Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo. Nowadays of Napoleon attempting to recapture power are known as the Hundred Days. This time they sent him to St. Helena a forlorn island close to Africa. There he kicked the bucket in 1821. Patriotism was an adversary to Napoleon since it prompted the decrease of his domain. What's more, the nationalistic inclination that was felt between his rival's in the end obliterated him.

Sociological Theories and Gang Violence Essay Example For Students

Sociological Theories and Gang Violence Essay SOCIALOGICAL THEORIES and GANG VIOLENCE Abstract The sociological investigation of group participation investigates the various sorts of impacts that emerge because of criminal association. Due to the social clashes that are related with pack enrollment, this paper will investigate the various hypotheses of social learning and both individual and control gives that identify with the ongoing flood in wrongdoing across Chicago. As we open the entryways of a wrongdoing ridden society, reality starts to unfurl. It isnt Just the idea of helping, the activity remains the boundary between carrying on with an existence of wrongdoing or a real existence that conveys trust. The quantity of fierce experiences has promptly declined, yet, viciousness has overflowed the avenues of Chicago, Illinois. In 2012 there were more than 500 killings submitted in the city of Chicago alone (Lemmer, Bunsinger, Lurigio, 2008). The desensitization of networks have gotten increasingly evident as the acknowledgment of posse action has become some portion of the standard. Perception of vicarious conduct by other social gatherings propose that the defense of decision is wanted, inasmuch as posses accommodate bonds across city roads (Lilly,Cullen, Ball, 2011). Anticipating what's to come isn't excessively far-got, with regards to socialization. Numerous scholars propose that society cant anora acknowledgment 0T crlme wltnout tolerating some responslDlllty Resulting Trom tne nonattendance of disguised standards and guidelines, criminal conduct is represented by the equity framework (Lilly,Cullen, Ball, 2011). Venturing further into the ongoing posse exercises, that have won in the public arena inside Chicago, previous Gangster Disciple Harold Ward, discusses the defilement among pioneers in the city and their endorsement of the cartels from Mexico who have assumed control over their general public all in all (Pundit, 2013). Regardless of whether individuals concur or deviate, social disorder among their neighborhoods s one of the prevailing points of view that characterizes criminalization of posse individuals. All together for the decriminalization to happen there should be additionally composed projects inside the networks over our country. I keep on discussing the measurements about Chicago, however there is something other than one city over the United States that endure the danger of pack brutality consistently. As indicated by FBI measurements, there are 1. 4 million dynamic pack individuals in the United States today. Insights show that in spite of the fact that group savagery has diminished by and large in numbers, it despite everything stays common in numerous areas today. Murder rates have taken off in the course of recent years in the city of Chicago (Lemmer, Bunsinger, Lurigio, 2008). Truth be told, in 2012, the city of Chicago had more than 400 homicides of which 80% is pack related. These killings happened due to posses fghting over turf, endeavoring to maintain their notoriety, and counter against each other. As indicated by previous posse part Harold Noonie Ward, the brutality in the city of Chicago come from the Mexican medication cartels. He accepts that the city of Chicago has become a sanctuary for these cartels to put their kin. Despite the fact that huge numbers of the higher positioning individuals from the packs re bolted up, the mass measure of medications entering Chicago has not seized. Noonie accepts that there are numerous authorities who are benefitting from the medications that are being acquired and along these lines declining to make it stop (Pundit, 2013). News reports show that in Chicago alone there are 100,000 posse individuals for every 12,000 cops (Rosenzweig, 2013). These are clear numbers that exceed each other. On a national level 40% all things considered (in significant urban areas) were posse related and in 2011 group individuals were answerable for 61% of crimes. The normal period of pack individuals ranges from sixteen to nineteen, yet a few individuals are as youthful as hirteen. There was a 25% expansion in group movement in Chicago from 2009-2012 (Rosenzweig, 2013). The possibility of brutality and aberrance has been for some time misconstrued. There have been a few scholar that have taken their insight and made their own philosophy of why an individual goes to savagery as a lifestyle. In light of Ronald Akers belief system of social learning hypothesis, numerous individuals carry out violations dependent on the perceptions they experience. These perceptions can emerge out of various sources, for example, media, family, and companions. Loved ones just as the social standards of an area can be persuasive to an individual as a result of cceptance. This hypothesis additionally says that dependent on positive or negative fortifications a people conduct will be founded on the prizes or disciplines that are given. Whenever allowed a chance to change the brutality that happens among neighborhoods there are numerous who decide to do as such (Akers, 1990). Social control and social learning both recommend that conduct is a decision based . Be that as it may, when taking a gander at the two hypotheses they really take an alternate position. Social learning hypothesis recommends that people Join packs to feel that suspicion that all is well and good just as living the glamorized IITestyle ana tnelr endeavor to Till tne vola 0T an aosent parent. Soclal learning tneory Is best expressed as educated conduct dependent on the ecological and social connection that one has to a network. Social learning is revealing to us that individuals have a decision to settle on a legitimized choice dependent on their perceptions of others, yet stay unyielding to express that their communications with the social environmental factors will be mulled over also (Lilly, Cullen, Ball, 2011). Social and individual Control, by Reiss propose that freak conduct depends on the bond that one offers with their social environmental factors. A people insubordination through socialization is addressed while deciding how an individual responds to the dedication that they have to their social environmental factors. It additionally says that being a failure to their companions is a conspicuous sign of social control (Russell, 2006). A person at this level will keep on being engaged with a specific conduct as long as the social condition in which they experience keeps on being an adherent of good acknowledgment. Social conduct dependent on some random neighborhood can be anticipated in principle, yet being able to foresee the real result of a circumstance is doubtful. Measurable realities give us a thought of the normal scope of where the viciousness is going, however there are approaches to change that (Chibnal Abbruzzese, 2004). Group viciousness is certifiably not a restricted issue, it is pervasive inside numerous sorts of neighborhoods and diverse social classes. As much as we need to accept that the posses are just in terrible territories, we cannot give confirmation of simply that. Sure there might be more groups in a specific region dependent on the affordable status, however that doesnt make it nonexistent for the high class. The flourishment of posses in specific regions has been removed from presence. A people group must take into account esources to be designated to forestall crime among those included. Another explanation that individuals Join packs is for money related security (Wyrick Howell, 2004). The Tragic Consequences of the Rebellion on Animal Farm Sample EssayRonald Akers and Albert Reiss may have strolled into their speculations with an alternate deduction, anyway in the wake of being inquired about, there were numerous regions wherein both criminal equity and sociological associations fortified them as scholars. A social security inside a network, a fght to maintain their notoriety, and having the option to feel a feeling of closeness inside the refined family people Join groups. Having the disguise of ethics and direction gives an establishment to the individuals who are happy to surrender the road life. The probability of diminishing crime among rustic lanes isn't Just going to occur in one day, however it will require some investment and exertion by a network who is willing and ready to roll out an improvement. As we have investigated the two hypotheses we have discovered that in a roundabout way they affect each other. Wrongdoing and misconduct results from the absence of child rearing , the absence of rules and guidelines, unsubstantiated social frameworks that underline ethics, and set up congruity among a network. All together for a network to have the option to utilize acknowledgment of methods and measures in general there should be a type of trust in the network. Wellbeing should be among the most noteworthy of needs (Lilly, Cullen, Ball, 2011). Group individuals need assistance understanding the effect they have on the network. They have to realize that their practices are a piece of an endless loop that will keep on streaming down starting with one age then onto the next. Pack individuals should be reminded that there is an opportunity at change, and it can begin with Just one individual. The general part of the speculations is that on the off chance that we empower youngsters to learn in better situations, give adequate training, and ingrain qualities and ethics to them at a youthful age, that we might have the option to keep them from complying with group life. Criminal Justice reaction needs to exceed the terrible with the great. They have to furnish guilty parties with the soundness they need before they are discharged go into the network. Youthful wrongdoers should be fed and shown directly from wrong in an egal point of view. Guilty parties should have the option to need to circumstance at change before they are Just tossed pull out there with no security, no help, and no understanding to how the present economy endures. Sociological motivations to wrongdoing can be characterized in a wide range of habits, yet to Just acknowledge them as the standard should be taken out as an alternative to these networks (Lilly, Cullen, Ball, 2011). Individuals need to quit harming each, and individuals need to begin living for what life is extremely about. ReTerences Akers, R. L. (1990). Sane Choice, Deterrence, and Social Learning Theory in Criminology: The Path Not Taken. The Journal Of Criminal Law And Criminology (1973-), (3), 653. dot:10. 2307/1143850 Akers, R. L. (1996). IS DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION/SOCIAL LEARNING CULTURAL DEVIANCE THEORY?. cn

SCHOOL COUNSELLING - 275 Words

SCHOOL COUNSELLING (Essay Sample) Content: School Counseling Major Written Assignment Name: Institution: Abstract School-based counseling is an important form of psychological therapy for school-going children and young people. Counseling is essential for the mental health of children and young people because it enables them to explore, understand and ultimately overcome issues confusing or causing distress and difficulty in their lives. The holistic development of children and young people depend on their good emotional and mental wellbeing. School-based counseling is an important and effective resource to utilize in realizing this kind of development in children and young people. Counseling aims at assisting the child or young person to understand themselves greatly, create a greater awareness of their potential and its appropriate utilization, relate well with other people, cope successfully with the normal stresses of life, build their ability, address problems and work productively and fruitfully. The immediate benefits of school-based counseling include improved attendance and educational attainment, the realization of happier, resilient and confident students and reductions in instances of behavioral problems. Description of the Client Peter is a 16-year old pursuing high school education. Being a teenager, he is aggressively searching for his independence. Peter is privileged to have an economically stable family; his father is a pilot, and his mother works as a doctor at a local hospital. Because of the nature of their jobs, Peter's parents do not get enough time to interact with their son on a day to day basis. His parents are somehow detached from their son's life because of their busy work schedules. Teenage-hood is a crucial stage, and adolescent children need constant and prudent guidance from adults, specifically their parents, on a range of personal matters that include sex, peer pressure, and substance use. The absence of time spent between parents and son has driven a wedge in the relationship Peter has with his parents. He experiences immense loneliness despite the many peers he has in school. Peter is a day-scholar and normally, he goes home after the end of the school day. In the evenings, he gets a chance to meet up with his friends who stay close-by. Unfortunately, among his friends there are those who take part in destructive habits like drinking alcohol and abusing hard drugs. The apparent parental neglect has significantly impacted Peter's behavior; the prevalent and powerful peer pressure has strongly influenced his decisions. The absence of parental guidance has led to Peter being pressured into trying drugs and drinking alcohol in order to get his peers approval. Failure to participate in these destructive habits will automatically disconnect Peter from his friends. Trying drugs and drinking has greatly affected Peter's attendance of school and his overall academic attainment. In addition, his participation in other school activities such as co-curricular and music has taken a beating. As other students register excellent educational attainment and actively parti cipate in sporting and art activities, Peter's performance has declined at an alarming rate, from a stellar to mediocre performance. It is paramount that Peter gets immediate counseling so that he can be salvaged from the destructive habits he is slowly and surely slipping into head-on. Initially, his parents have to be informed of their son's situation and be involved fully in the counseling process. School-based counseling is the best resource to raise awareness of the destructive nature of substance abuse to students such as Peter. The counseling process will involve educating Peter on the health hazards and risks of substance abuse and actively disengaging him from this habit (Baker and Gerler, 2008). School-based Counseling Interventions Peter, being a High school student, needs appropriate guidance that can enable him transition successfully into the world of work and adulthood. Against this backdrop, it is necessary for Peter to receive sound school-based counseling from the school counselor in collaboration with his parents, teachers and the fellow students. The decline in Peter's academic performance, erratic school attendance, and constant isolation will serve as a red flags to underlying behavioral problems (Perkins, 2003). The logical thing the teachers can do is to engage the school counselor so that he or she can help them to uncover the issues behind Peter's erratic behavior. School counselors possess the technical know-how necessary in helping students overcome the behavioral problems they are facing. Appropriate school counseling interventions that are employed early enough in offering psychological help to students prevent a particular behavioral problem from escalating even further (Brosnan and Carr, 20 00). Peter has personal and sensitive behavioral problems, and he is in need of someone who can listen to him empathetically and help him disengage from the destructive drug abuse he is being pressured into. His referral to the school counselor will be made by one of his teachers who has closely observed the sudden change in his behavior. The teacher will first personally talk to him and arrange his meeting with the school counselor. Personal communication between the teacher and student helps the student develop confidence in the process and get assurance that there are people willing to help him (Baker and Gerler, 2008). The scheduled meeting between Peter and the school counselor will be more meaningful if the counselor will be more willing to listen to him. Listening to the client is what heralds the entire counseling process. Listening entails hearing the words Peter says and gaining insight in what he utters (Campbell and Dahir, 1997). The school counselor may indicate the understanding of what he is telling him or her by nodding his or her head and avoiding speaking as the client talks. Effective listening will enable the school counselor to respond appropriately to the psychological needs of Peter. The free-flow of communication is also dependent on the presence of trust between the client and the counselor (Brosnan and Carr, 2000). Students such as Peter will be ready to disclose a lot of information about the personal problems they are facing if they are convinced that the school counselors are people to confide. In turn, the counselors can tap more information from the student-clients if th ey encourage them to be confident in expression and assure them of the confidentiality of the information they share with them. Risk behaviors such as drug and alcohol abuse among adolescents can be addressed through various interventions and programs employed by school counselors. Peter's decline in behavior stems from family neglect, and this will necessitate that the school counselor utilizes interventions that target both Peter and his parents (Repetti et al, 2002). The adolescent-focused interventions include Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and group work among the young people. The Cognitive Behavioral Therapy refers to the combination of behavioral and cognitive therapeutic approaches used by counselors to modify destructive behaviors and thoughts (Clarke et al., 1999). This therapy involves holding of a number of sessions between the client and the school counselor in which they embark on the task of identifying the behavioral problems the client is having. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy will enable the school counselor to provide Peter with techniques and tools that will be essential in helping him avoid falling prey to the pressure of his peers. The techniques and tools will alter his alcohol and drug abuse and maybe feel discouraged from engaging in these destructive habits. The Cognitive Behavioral Therapy awakens an unhelpful thought, which does not necessarily reflect reality, among clients, and it is this unhelpful thought which makes the clients avoid harmful social situations (Clarke et al., 1999). In Peter's case, the unhelpful thought that can b e awoken in him is the possible negative impact of substance abuse on his future economic wellbeing. This should spur him to avoid the destructive habits of abusing alcohol and drugs. Primarily, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is used in supportive counseling to address the unhelpful thoughts and replace them with realistic and helpful thoughts that will positively alter the decision making of the client. Additional benefits of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy include reducing anxiety and depression among adolescents. Additionally, this therapy is useful to adolescents who engage in self-harm, and it will, therefore, be applicable in Peter's case. An important form of cognitive therapy that is useful to depressive people and those who constantly engage in self-harm is called problem-solving. Substance abuse is a self-harming behavior that Peter has engaged in as a coping strategy to his parents' perpetual absence from day to day life. This form of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy will focus on the problem of parental neglect that Peter experiences, help to find solutions to this problem and teach him how to cope positively with this situation. Problem-solving therapy will necessitate the participation of Peter's parents in his counseling sessions. It will be prudent to let them know that their perpetual absence in their child's life is driving Peter to destructive behavior and hopelessness. This counseling intervention shifts the therapy from Peter to his parents. The possible outcome of this therapy is active participation of Peter's parents in his life which will reduce the feelings of parental neglect and hopelessness thereby d ecreasing his susceptibility to destructive substance abuse behavior. Interpersonal Psychotherapy is the seco...

Analysis of Keats Ode To Autumn - Literature Essay Samples

Keats ode To Autumn deals predominantly with the passage of time, described within the imagery of the season of Autumn. The ode is a celebration of change, involving life, growth and death. Keats makes use of many literary and textual tools, which will be detailed in this analysis. A symbolic reading of this poem produces not only a literal appreciation of the text, but also invites the question of whether Keats was making another statement on the human condition, specifically the transitory nature of life itself. The first stanza details the fertility of the season, with growth and ripening being the predominant images. Autumn is presented as a female personification, with many of the allusions being to natural growth; this allusion is strengthened later in the poem. The season is presented as one that is giving loading and blessing with fruit, swelling and plumping. The bounteousness of Autumn is emphasised with still more, later flowers, so many that bees continue to harvest as though the days of plenty will never stop. The description is predominantly feminine, and Keats uses words that suggest pregnancy or a natural state, such as ripeness, swell and budding. The first stanza centres on the growth of the first months of Autumn, and is crafted such that it is read in a slow, unhurried manner, much as the bees are not hurrying to collect pollen from the flowers, as they believe warm days will never cease. The second stanza is a slower presentation, with Autumn depicted sitting, sound asleep, or drowsd. The months of plenty, which the bees thought would never end, are ending. There is an allusion to death in the form of the Reaper in lines 17-18, with the hook sparing the next swath, an extension of the half-reapd furrow in line 16. There is no activity by the persona of Autumn in this stanza, the emphasis on watching and looking over the harvest. There is no haste in this stanza, with Autumn watching the last oozings hours by hours the words themselves are drawn out, using long vowel sounds and soft consonants. The final stanza contains more allusions to the seasons end the soft-dying day, and wailful choir of soft gnats mourning. The opening of the first stanza, with mists of mornings, and maturing sun is brought to a conclusion in the third stanza with barred clouds of the soft-dying day touching the stubble plains of the harvested crop, an evening setting. This stanza compares Autumn favourably to Spring, each having their own sounds and songs. The final image is of the swallows, gathering for their Winter migration. The final stanza deals predominantly with the aural imagery of the season from the opening line of the songs and music to the pathetic fallacy of the wailful choir of small gnats, the bleating of the fully grown lambs, and the final twitter of the gathering swallows. Overall, the poem appears written as an ode to Autumn, although it is delivered more in the format of an internal monologue, taking the form of a single voice musing the passing of time. The form of the poem, particularly the first stanza as a continual single sentence, implies a stream of consciousness approach the poet thinking the words rather than giving them voice. The language is not contrived, and is quite informal. There is very little poetic compression of words, or inversion. The words are chosen for their descriptive powers, supporting the poem based around the imagery of the season. The tone is gentle, there is no haste; this is supported by the use of long vowel sounds and soft consonants. These have the effect of forcing the reader to move slowly through each stanza, until the closing lines of the final stanza, where Keats uses harder consonants, giving a tighter presentation of the closure of the season. The rhythm, although based on an iambic pentameter, has subtle variations that control the pace of the poem. For example, line 5 can be read strictly as an iambic pentameter, although it feels more natural to read apples as a single, monotone word, rather than enforced cadence of -ples in the word ap-ples that the metre would demand. This has the effect of displacing the rest of the metre, giving a slower overall reading of the line. Line 5 also contains mossd, a poetic contraction which could be read as moss-ed, but feels more natural when read as mossd, again, giving a softer tone to the line by removing the stress of ed. The final words cottage-trees contain harder, repeated consonant t sounds, inviting three stresses on cot-tage-trees, effectively bringing the line to a conclusion but without actually terminating it. The use of soft consonant sounds such as s and l slow the reading of the stanza, giving it an Autumnal, lazy feel2E The use of a variation on the iambic pentameter g ives the poem a more conversational or thoughtful tone, allowing control of the words but not enforcing a high degree of rigidity on the overall structure. The rhyme scheme is constant throughout each stanza (A, B, A, B C, D, E, D, C, C, E), and this is used with the technique of enjambement and end-stopping with comms, colons or semicolons rather than full stops to allow the poem to flow. As mentioned earlier, the first stanza is a complete and single sentence, the second and third stanza only being broken by the questions of their respective opening lines. The definite rhyme scheme produces an overall feeling of harmony within the poem, and the regular length gives a feeling of order rather than discord or chaos. This use of harder consonant sounds in the final stanza, such as touch the stubble plains, and red breast whistles, bring the poem to a slightly harsher conclusion, as Autumn turns to Winter. Keats also uses imagery and figurative language to give his poem greater impact. The visual imagery is the strongest, with detailed descriptions of the bounteousness of the harvest in the opening stanza, through to the description of the evening and the setting sun in the final stanza. Keats does not make extensive use of metaphor or simile throughout this text, preferring to focus on the personification of Autumn, depicted sitting, or sound asleep in the second stanza. The auditory qualities are strongest in the final stanza, with Keats making use of onomatopoeia in the bleat of the lambs and the twitter of the swallows. Overall, the use of imagery in this way draws the reader into a visual scene, created by the skilful use of text. Keats builds the sequence of imagery throughout each stanza, providing a visual experience, which leads the reader through Autumn. The conclusion of the completed harvest, the lambs now fully grown and awaiting slaughter, and the swallows gathering for their migration allow Keats to sum up the entire season of Autumn in 33 lines of verse. His images are intense, and immerse the reader completely in his vision of the season. The poem may be taken on a literal level as a description of the season of Autumn. It may also be read as a symbolic description of the transitory nature of life itself, an explanation alluded to with the feminine, almost sexual, pregnant, description of growth in the first stanza, the ripeness, plumping and budding. The second stanza contains the first connotation of death with the introduction of the reapd furrow in line 16 and the watching of the last oozings, descriptions of a general cessation of growth. Symbolic references abound in this poem autumn itself being a symbol for maturity, and the description of flowers symbolising the shortness of life. In addition, the references to birds in the final stanza may be a symbolic reference to the soul, as with the sallows, or willow trees, referring to the whole order of nature, from roots, through branches to leaves and the continual cycle of life. The final stanza and its funereal wailful choir and soft-dying day bring to a conclus ion this cycle of life. This underlying connotation gives the reader a deeper sense of involvement in the poem, and introduces a willingness to re-read in search of perhaps a deeper meaning. In conclusion, Keats has produced a technically superb poem, utilising many of the tools available to the poet, to give on the literal level a description of season of Autumn, or on the symbolic level a description of the cycle of life. The poem enacts the passage of the season, from the rich, heavy growth of the opening stanza, through the soporific effects of the second, to the slow, concluding third. His rich use of the full range of imagery, and his control of the rhyme and rhythm produce an almost languid verse that produce a vivid, three-dimensional picture in the mind of the reader.

Ptolemys Contributions to Geography

Not much is known about the life of the Roman scholar Claudius Ptolemaeus who is more commonly known as Ptolemy. However, he was estimated to have lived from approximately 90 to 170 CE and worked in the library at Alexandria from 127 to 150.   Ptolemys Theories and Scholarly Works on Geography Ptolemy is known for his three scholarly works: the  Almagest—which focused on astronomy and geometry, the  Tetrabiblos—which focused on astrology, and, most importantly, Geography—which advanced geographic knowledge. Geography consisted of eight volumes. The first discussed the problems of representing a spherical earth on a flat sheet of paper (remember, ancient Greek and Roman scholars knew the earth was round) and provided information about map projections. The second through seventh volumes of the work was a gazetteer of sorts, as a collection of eight thousand places around the world. This gazetteer was remarkable for Ptolemy invented latitude and longitude—he was the first to place a grid system on a map and use the same grid system for the entire planet. His collection of place names and their coordinates reveals the geographic knowledge of the Roman empire in the second century. The final volume of Geography was Ptolemys atlas,  featuring maps that utilized his grid system and maps that placed north at the top of the map, a cartographic convention that Ptolemy created. Unfortunately, his gazetteer and maps contained a great number of errors due to the simple fact that Ptolemy was forced to rely upon the best estimates of merchant travelers (who were incapable of accurately measuring longitude at the time). Like much knowledge of the ancient era, the awesome work of Ptolemy was lost for over a thousand years after it was first published. Finally, in the early fifteenth century, his work was rediscovered and translated into Latin, the language of the educated populace. Geography gained rapid popularity, and there were more than forty editions printed from the fifteenth through sixteenth centuries. For hundreds of years, unscrupulous cartographers of the middle ages printed a variety of atlases with the name Ptolemy on them, to provide credentials for their books. Ptolemy erroneously assumed a short circumference of the earth, which ended up convincing Christopher Columbus that he could reach Asia by sailing west from Europe. Additionally, Ptolemy showed the Indian Ocean as a large inland sea, bordered on the south by Terra Incognita (unknown land). The idea of a large southern continent sparked countless expeditions. Geography had a profound effect on the geographical understanding of the world in the Renaissance and it was fortunate that its knowledge was rediscovered to help establish geographical concepts that we almost take for granted today. Note that the scholar Ptolemy is not the same as the Ptolemy who governed Egypt and lived from 372-283 BCE. Ptolemy was a common name.

The Process of Transcription and Modifications Does Eukaryotic mRNA Receive During Processing Free Essay Example, 3000 words

Outline the process of transcription. You may use a diagram to illustrate your description. With regards to RNA polymerase, how does transcription differ between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? Transcription is the process of synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA) from template DNA. There are three stages of transcription. In the initiation phase, the RNA polymerase first binds to the promoter region of the DNA and separates the strands of the double helix to put together RNA nucleotides complementary to the DNA template in a 5 to 3 fashion. In contrast to DNA polymerase, it can initiate RNA elongation without a primer. The RNA transcript is then released from the DNA. What three modifications does eukaryotic mRNA receive during processing? What is the name of the molecular complex that carries out splicing? In RNA processing, both the 5 and 3 end of the pre-mRNA are altered. Particularly, the 5 end receives a modified guanine nucleotide after addition of the first 20-40 nucleotides during R NA elongation. On the other hand, the 3 end of the pre-mRNA is added with a polyadenylation signal, AAUAAA, and poly-A tail, which is a 50-250 long RNA chain of purely adenine nucleotides. We will write a custom essay sample on The Process of Transcription and Modifications Does Eukaryotic mRNA Receive During Processing or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page With your knowledge of the translation process, explain how tetracycline would prevent protein synthesis. If a drug acts by preventing the docking of the amino acid-transporting amino-acylated tRNA, proteins, which are important in all cellular processes, cannot be formed since there is no way by which amino acids can be delivered to initiate elongation of the polypeptide.

Chocolat Advertisement A Healthy and Luxurious Treat Essay

Our world is getting smaller every day due to human intervention. The use of chemicals and modern technologies on our natural world is altering the cycle of life, which has serious ramifications for both the planet and our own health. Animal extinction rates are 1,000 to 10,000 times higher than the natural extinction rate. (Cincinnati Zoo) By the year 2025, 49% of the American population will suffer from a chronic illness that will cost thousands of dollars to treat. (Fight Chronic Disease) Many people, organizations and companies are doing something to help stem the tide. Endangered Species Chocolate is one such company. Through conscientiously sourcing of natural and organic ingredients, using environmentally sound manufacturing†¦show more content†¦The brown used so prominently evokes ground, the earth, and of course chocolate. The yellow has a tint of brown in it to give it a more golden hue, reminiscent of the riches needed to purchase it so long ago. The ruby red of t he cherries and the hints of sapphire blue serve to classify chocolate as a jewel of food, and treat to be savored and valued. The smooth, rich brown of the candy wrapper is representative of the finished product and visually triggers the mind to recall the feeling of smooth silkiness of rich chocolate on the palate. The natural patterned background reminds us that cacao is what chocolate is made from, and it grows on trees. It has the appearance of bark and ties in with cherries and nuts, also products of trees. The logo in the web site name, ChocolateBar.com and in the company name, Endangered Species Chocolate, includes leaves, which complete the visual imagery of trees and nature. The choice of a simple font for the advertisement keeps with the simple message of natural and organic. No fancy scripts or trendy lettering, but rather, clean simple lines. The one exception to that is the word â€Å"chocolate† in the company’s name. That font is a flourished script-like design that circles back again to the context of fancy and exclusive. The advertisement is sparse on wordy messages and keeps it simple and to the point. Chocolate has often been considered a luxury and a selfish, guilty pleasure because of its expense and the subliminal

Essay on Underage Drinkers Face Repercussion - 1369 Words

Today there seems to be an increasing number of underage drinkers. Teens seem to be drinking their way through high school and college because it’s the trend of the century. They go out to party and there is no party, if there is no alcohol. They begin to believe there is no fun in partying without the use of alcohol. According to, the 2009 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, â€Å"40% of high school students drank some amount of alcohol, 24% binge drank, and 10% drove after drinking and 28% rode with a driver who had been drinking(Youth Risk Behavior Survey, P.3)†. Where is our youth consuming alcohol for their parties? From older friends, siblings, or simply by taking what their parents have at home. Not acknowledging that there will be consequences†¦show more content†¦Underage drinkers risk their lives every time they decide to drink. In addition to, underage drinkers manage to get themselves into a legal predicament when they consume alcohol. According to, the Sur geon Generals Call to Action to Prevent and Reduce Underage Drinking, â€Å"Underage drinking increases the risk of physical and sexual assault, and creates secondhand effects that can put others at risk. Loud and unruly behavior, property destruction, unintentional injuries, violence, and even death because of underage alcohol use afflict innocent parties. Figure 1: Percentage of People Who Reported Binge Drinking in the Past 30 Days For example, about 45 percent of people who die in crashes involving a drinking driver under the age of 21 are people other than the driver. Such secondhand effects often strike at random, making underage alcohol use truly everybodys problem (Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Prevent and Reduce Underage Drinking, P.2)†. Underage drinkers have no sense of right and wrong when under the influence causing them to do things that tend to get them in a dilemma. They operate abnormally and not in a restrained manner. Figure 2: Underage Drinking and Driving Accident (Robert Falcione) According to, the California state laws, â€Å"It is illegal for anyone under the age of 21 to possess, purchase, and attempt toShow MoreRelatedDrug Alcohol And Its Effects2128 Words   |  9 Pagesdrivers licenses and turn them loose on the road. But this is the logic that is followed for beverage alcohol because of Americas alcohol policy. Not being taught how to drink responsibility is a very unfortunate reality that most 21 year old s face. America should change current laws to open the legal age of drinking because it will give Americans a chance to teach our youth about responsible drinking, and will help curb alcoholism. The history of alcohol and prohibition have a lot of inciteRead More Binge Drinking on America’s Campuses Essay2458 Words   |  10 Pagesdrinks per week (Core Institute par. 6). The statistics are alarming, yet most students still are not listening. In addition, A higher percentage of binge drinkers than non-binge drinkers reported having experienced alcohol-related problems since the beginning of the school year. Frequent binge drinkers were 22 times more likely than non-binge drinkers to have: â€Å" º Missed Class  º Fallen Behind in School Work  º Engaged in Unplanned Sexual Activity  º Not Used Protection When Having Sex  ºRead MoreEssay on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse2432 Words   |  10 PagesFelsted, p. vii). Furthermore, it is widely acknowledged that drinking alcohol is a part of the youth culture in America; it may also be understood as a culturally conditioned and socially controlled behavior. In my generation drinking among underage kids is blamed on peers, accessibility, and adulthood. â€Å"Research shows that about 10 million Americans between ages 12 to 20 years had at least one drink last month† (April is Alcohol Awareness Month). Like all addictions, alcohol must first beRead MoreBinge Drinking on Americas Campuses2308 Words   |  10 PagesAmerica s Campuses On any Friday or Saturday night, the average college student is usually drinking, dancing and out having fun. They typically party with friends at fraternity parties, bars, and clubs; and unfortunately most of these students are underage, consuming excessive amounts of alcohol or Binge Drinking. Binge drinking results in several detrimental outcomes, some are even fatal. Today this type of drinking is rampant on educational campuses everywhere. Large and small, urban and ruralRead More Binge Drinking On Americas Campuses Essay2203 Words   |  9 PagesAmericas Campuses On any Friday or Saturday night, the average college student is usually drinking, dancing and out having fun. They typically party with friends at fraternity parties, bars, and clubs; and unfortunately most of these students are underage, consuming excessive amounts of alcohol or Binge Drinking. Binge drinking results in several detrimental outcomes, some are even fatal. Today this type of drinking is rampant on educational campuses everywhere. Large and small, urban and rural

Shall I Compare Thee To A Summer S Day Word free essay sample

Even though human bodies cannot live forever, their work and their words certainly can. Shakespeare knew that love is, and that it will always be never-ending; that a tale about love that never dies will be infinite and will never be worn out. In Sonnet 18 Shakespeare used elements of poetry such as nature symbolism, imagery, and personification to support his overall message that he will live on forever in our literature.One of the most important elements used in Sonnet 1 8, in an attempt to woo the speakers intended lover, is the nature symbolism. This element is illustrated mainly in the poems first two stanzas, where Shakespeare gives vivid comparisons and explanations for why his beloved is more lovely and ore temperate than the summer. The summer season in literature is for countless of people a symbol of warmth, bright light and perfect times; a time where love can blossom and happiness comes easily. But in real life summer is not always perfect. Even something as pretty and charming as the summer has its gloomy days as Shakespeare recognized in these lines: Sometimes too hot the eye of the heaven shines, / And often is his gold complexion dimmed; / And every fair from fair sometimes declines, / By chance or natures changing course untrimmed; (lines 5-8) In these lines Shakespeare uses both recertification, talking about the eye of the heaven, and nature symbolism to generate his point.With the nature symbolism, Shakespeare creates a picture that tells his readers about the faults of summer, how each of its days cannot be bright blue skies and perfect temperature, and how that can all change by chance. He wants to give his readers a better understanding of what it is that makes his beloved worthy of such a praise by giving them a vivid picture of natures changing course. In addition to that, he refers to the sun as the eye of the heaven, characterizing the sun, giving it a face s o that the idea of it not Ewing perfect will seem more realistic or comprehensive.The sun is an object that is Often praised and lifted in literature, described as the nourishes or the life giver. But Shakespeare wanted his readers to know that not even the sun on its best day would be as perfect as his beloved. The beginning of the poem is similar to so many of Shakespearean other works; beautiful, charming and about true love. And yes, it is a stunning proclamation of undying love, but what makes it so different from all the rest? Shakespeare did what no one had done so far.Shakespeare seems to have add the impossible possible; he now created immortal life for his beloved through his sonnet, by using imagery and personification in these short lines: But thy eternal summer shall not fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thou stows; / Nor shall death brag thou wanderers in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou growers: (9-12) He is now implying that; contrary to what he wrote in the first lines of the sonnet, his beloved is not like a summers day. The summer will die and fall will come. But she will never die because he has given her eternal life which makes her beau ty grow forever.By using the imagery; her eternal summer, Shakespeare is giving his readers the chance to relate to the poem in an uncomplicated way. Summer is for many the highlight of the year, the best of the best. Love is always going to be interpreted differently by different people from different cultures, but by describing her as summer, Shakespeare is giving the readers the picture Of the perfect time, the perfect woman, or the perfect love. Shakespeare then adds contrast to the beautiful summer by mentioning death. By using personification to death in the second line, Shakespeare is giving it a face; aging death more detailed and more frightening.Death by itself may seem distant and introducing at the time; however, by creating a face to death gives it a more concrete fear. Something that is more relatable. So far the poem has given the readers the impression of it being a love confirmation, comparing the beauty of Shakespearean beloved to a summers day; however, that may not be the case. The poem takes an absurd turn in the last two lines, when Shakespeare spins the attention away from his beloved, and brings it to himself on a silver platter. He writes; So long as men can breath, or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee (13-14).The focus that before was put upon his beloved, whom he has been praising in all the lines before these two, has now been altered to him; to his talent, and to his writing. He is now praising his own work, telling the world that the only way for his beloved to stay in this world is through his words on paper. It may seem rather arrogant, but seeing that the sonnet is still holding a high recognition today, makes him true to his vanity. Shakespeare is right ere claiming that his words will not only be recognized in due time, but they will also live on forever.That he will be given eternal life, or at least eternal in the way that his literature will be read and admired through centuries. It is a common belief that Sonnet 18 is simply about a mans eternal love for a woman; although, taking a closer look at the last stance might convince one otherwise. Sonnet 18 can be portrayed as and related to a number Of phenomenon; however, unconditional love might not be one of them. This sonnet is a strong illustration of how Shakespearean pride works its way into is poetry, and how he employs his poetry to declare to the world that he has the power to live on forever in his literature.

Ancient Egyptian Gynaecology free essay sample

A paper which studies sex, fertility and gynaecology in ancient Egypt. The paper shows how the subject of sex was an important part of life in ancient Egypt and that fertile women were considered the most attractive. The paper discusses ancient medicine, treatment of infertility, midwifery and childcare, cancer and gynaecological procedures. The author notes how advanced Egyptian medicine was even in todays standards. Advances made in ancient times regarding midwifery are still used today. In ancient Egypt, midwives frequently used potions and herbs to assist during pregnancy and labor to reduce the pain and induce labor, if needed. Many of these potions and herbs were helpful in forming the foundation of modern medicine. In ancient Egyptian tomb paintings, midwifery is always depicted as a female duty. These paintings show that two midwifes participated in a womans labor. One attended to the mother while the second attended to the unborn child. We will write a custom essay sample on Ancient Egyptian Gynaecology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Pregnant women and new mothers in ancient times believed that the best way to learn was under the supervision and expertise of seasoned midwives. Even today, many pregnant women seek out experienced midwife but most women use the assistance of midwives with the advancement of science and technology.

Medieval Metrical Romance Essays - Romance, Chivalric Romance

Of the three principal and popular forms of verse-narratives, Metrical Romance is one, the other two being the ballad and the epic. The metrical romance is, therefore (in other words), a romantic tale in verse. The term (Metrical Romance) is applied both to medieval verse romances and to the type of verse romances produced by Sir Walter Scott (e.g. The Lady of The Lake and Marmion) and Lord Byron (e.g. Bride of Abydos). The latters, type has such romantic characteristics as the freedom of technique, sentimental qualities and remote settings. The Medieval romances are stories of adventure in which chivalry; gallantry and religion, faith were the usual themes. The curliest medieval romances were in verse; they were written in prose too. To the moderns, the Middle Ages were the home of the romances. When we read the romances today, we enter, in Compton Rickett?s word ?A new world?, where damsels were always beautiful and even learned ; where men were prodigies of valour and masculas strength, where disappointed ladies find consolation in ministering to the poor and the afflicted ; where true lovers overcome (insuperable) obstacles and are eventually waited to live or die together. To us, today, this is a strange, remote and by-one world, but to the contemporary readers of these romances it was the actual world, although somewhat idealise. Thus the romances give us a glimpse of the medieval life in castles and cottages. The Medieval Romance first appears in Old French Literature of the twelfth century. The works of Chretien de Troyes are among the earliest and greatest of the French Medieval Romances. Middle English Romances were of French origin and were influenced by the poetry of troubadours and the trouveres of France. The ideal of courtly love was the legacy of the former, while heroic adventure came from the later. These romances in verse were little and sung by the minstrels by the 13th century. Middle English Romances may be grouped under four heads on the basis of their subject-matter : i) The Matter of England, ii) The Matter of France, iii) The Matter of Antiquity or The Matter of Rome, iv) The Matter of Britain. [Jean Bodel, however, classifies the medieval romances into three categories, leaving out The Matter of England.] The ?Matter of England? includes stories based upon Germanic (including English) tradition. Some of the best ones in this cycle are: Richard Lionheart (before 1300), The Lay of Havelok the Dane (ca 1300), Athelstan (ca 1350), King Horn, Guy of Warwick and Bevis of Hampton. These romances dealing with the English history and its heroes appear in English either as translation, or as renderings of their French versions written earlier. King Horn relates the adventures of a prince, driven out of his country by Pagan invaders, but eventually recovering his fortune and the throne. Havelok the Dane narrates the story of Havelok?s loss and subsequent recovery of his kingdom, and also of his marriage with the English princess name Goldsborough. Guy of Warwick is typical romance in which everything is subordinated to adventure. It presents an endless succession of encounters with adversaries. The ?Matter of France? deals with the heroic exploits of Charlemagne, the French National Hero, and William of Orange. The chief of these romances is the La Chanson de Roland (late 14th century) which tells the Story of Roland?s valiant fights against odds, ending with the hero?s death. Huon de Bordeaux is another important work of this group. Other romances of less importance in this group are: Rauf Coilyear, an alliterative romance, Sir Ferumbras, The Siege of Milan. The ?Matter of Antiquety? (or the ?Matter of Rome?) includes legends of Alexander the Great, the Trojan War, the Siege of Thebes, the Siege of Troy and the Adventures of Aeneus etc. In these, there is a picture of ancient classical culture, as seen through medieval eyes. As David Daiches has put it, ?This is not the world of Homer or of Pericles or of Vergil, but a curiously medievalized ancient world......? of the ?Matter of Rome? King Alisaunder and The Destruction of Troy are of more than average merit. The ?Matter of Britain? deals with stories of King Arthur and his Round Table. Some of the notable of these romances are:

The Use Of The Sample Argumentative Essay Singapore

The Use Of The Sample Argumentative Essay SingaporeSample Argumentative Essay Singapore is a virtual help desk, where students, who are preparing for the examination can access all their study materials from the comfort of their homes. For the past year, SEES has been trying to make the student's studying experience the best possible with the incorporation of new learning tools, applications and more.The aim of this project is to enhance the quality of the student's time and efforts and in turn lead them to have a great chance of getting excellent marks. There are various interactive tools such as PowerPoint, flash animation and videos which can be used to present information in the most effective manner. The use of these tools is facilitated by the online media system that makes it easier for the students to collaborate and share their ideas.Students who are studying English in the final year of their courses will get immense help from the Sample Argumentative Essay Singapore. It ha s lots of resources that they can easily find on the website, including practice test questions and sample essays, which are best suited for students. Students will also have access to other software applications and resources that can help them prepare for the final examinations. Students are always encouraged to visit the site regularly for new updates, which will help them improve their scores, which have been tested and proven to work.There are various reasons why a student should use the Sample Argumentative Essay Singapore. Besides helping him write an effective argument, it will also help him to understand the benefits and opportunities that are given to them as a student in the course and how they can take advantage of them.For students who want to improve their English skills, they should definitely look into easy access to resources that will aid them in studying for the final examinations. They should also look at how these resources can enhance their knowledge of topics and be able to communicate them effectively to their classmates and lecturers. When students feel that they have gained something valuable and beneficial from these resources, they will be more inclined to use it in the future and that can only be a good thing.There are various courses out there which offer students the opportunity to develop their understanding of topics and even review material effectively, but many of them do not have a lot of useful resources, which will help them do this. This is one problem that students face while studying and the Sample Argumentative Essay Singapore can really help them. It is because the site offers information, which can be used effectively by students who are struggling in this aspect.A few students who have had no luck in finding help on the internet and in the classroom can get good things from the Sample Argumentative Essay Singapore. This is because the site offers several courses such as tools, which can be used to help them improve their English writing skills and even use it in competitive examinations like the Advanced Placement exams. Students who can build strong foundations and skills, even before they start learning anything else, will only gain from this site.The Sample Argumentative Essay Singapore is a great resource for students who want to study, and one which can help them to study well and gain from the experience. These resources and tools can help them get high marks, as a student who can use it can build his understanding of topics and can improve his English language and communication skills in the process.

Strunk and Whites The Elements of Style

Strunk and Whites The Elements of Style Strunk and Whites The Elements of Style Strunk and Whites The Elements of Style By Maeve Maddox Strunk and Whites The Elements of Style receives frequent mention in articles about writing. Originating as a classroom study aid prepared by Cornell English Professor William Strunk in 1918, this widely-used desk reference of English usage, form, and style continues to influence writers after a hundred years. After Strunk died in 1946, essayist E.B. White was asked to augment and edit the guide for a wider audience. When White died in 1985, Elements was in its Third Edition. The current Fourth Edition has been, according to Whites stepson Roger Angell, modestly updated to include references to word processors and to acknowledge feminist concerns about pronoun usage. Elements has grown from Strunks original 43 pages to 105, but is still a compact, no-frills handbook for the writer in a hurry for answers to common questions. The guide is arranged in five sections: I. Elementary Rules of Usage II. Elementary Principles of Composition III. A Few Matters of Form IV. Words and Expressions Commonly Misused V. An Approach to Style The first four sections are easily skimmed, and the index will lead you quickly to the point of grammar you want. A 60-word glossary defines such basic terms as gerund and linking verb. The fifth section, An Approach to Style, provides a useful reminder that there is more to producing distinctive prose than just getting the grammar right: There is no satisfactory explanation of style, no infallible guide to good writing, no assurance that a person who thinks clearly will be able to write clearly, no key that unlocks the door, no inflexible rule by which writers may shape their course, According to White, style is a mystery, an entity that arises from the sum of an individuals writing: Style is an increment in writing. When we speak of Fitzgeralds style, we dont mean his command of the relative pronoun, we mean the sound his words make on paper. The Elements of Style deserves its long popularity as a concise guide to correct usage. It can equip a writer with the elements, but style must arise from the personality and mental furnishings of the writer. A searchable version of Elements (Third Edition) can be found at Bartleby.com. You can also find the book on Amazon.com Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Book Reviews category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:10 Rules for Writing Numbers and NumeralsList of Greek Words in the English LanguageComma After Introductory Phrases

Hitler's Death Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hitler's Death - Term Paper Example Speculations, arguments, doubts and questions arose regarding the validity of the death of the most famous dictator to date, Adolf Hitler. Different analysis were conducted and different results were obtained from these studies the issue still had been going on for a while until the skull fragment was displayed in Moscow a little over a decade ago. Although it may seem still a little vague to some today, it is no longer a question whether Hitler is dead or alive but just the truth behind his death. Considering his recorded condition before the 30th of April in 1945, he would unlikely survive a decade after that. So whether he escaped from the ruins of Berlin or not, he is, for the lack of better term, ‘dead’, by now. Some historians doubted Hitler’s death and suggested that the Nazis orchestrated propaganda to make the Fuehrer a hero. The US also doubted the dictator’s death and speculated the he may have escaped from Berlin in 1945 and did not take his own life. These doubts were caused by the unclear showcasing of facts and mismatching data in the past. These speculation and arguments just settled when the skull fragment with a hole caused by a gunshot was put on display in Moscow in 2000.

Human nature is not cruel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Human nature is not cruel - Essay Example Whereas, Kitty’s case has been subjected to several inaccuracies and misrepresentations, many other similar cases have been reported recently. Clearly, then, the â€Å"bystander effect† can have a strong impact, especially on social behavior, leaving people asking why exactly does it occur? And why do people not assist others when they are part of a crowd? More and more people are starting to pay attention and consider such kind of events as these. What leads people to become more apathetic, immoral or even cruel? Is human nature cruel? Human beings are not born cruel. A baby is always naà ¯ve and pure, they are not intentionally cruel to others. I believe that humans are not always cruel depending on certain circumstances surrounding an individual. Furthermore, Milgram’s experiment is all about obedience to authority.  It  found that  65 percent  of participants deferred to the authority of the experimenter and administered the final 450 volt "shock†. The other 35 percent refused to continue with the experiment. This experiment tells us that people always obey authority. I don’t believe the 65 percent of subjects were cruel just because they completed the experiment. They wanted to stop the experiment, but the experimenter kept emphasizing things such as â€Å"the experiment requires that you continue, go on please, the shocks are painful but they are not harmful.† It made participants very nervous and confused, meaning that the experimenter’s authority pushed them to be cruel and even hurt innocent people. In brief, Milgram’s experiment is not enough proof that human nature is cruel, but people will be cruel under certain circumstances. Any normal person, usually, will not easily hurt others just for the sake of it. And if they do hurt someone they will definitely feel guilty. Someone however could be wondering that, if human nature is not cruel, then why are there so many murderers in the world? I believe murdering someone is cruel, but

The Darwinian revolution challenged Essay Example for Free

The Darwinian revolution challenged Essay Define evolution broadly and then give a narrower definition, as discussed in the overview. Evolution: Descent with modification; the idea that living species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from the present-day ones; also defined more narrowly as the change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation Concept 22.1 The Darwinian revolution challenged the traditional view of a young Earth inhabited by unchanging species This section takes a look at the historical setting and influences on Darwin, and it sets the stage for our formal study of evolution. How did each of the following sources view the origin of species? Aristotle and Scala Naturae: Aristotle viewed species as fixed. Through his observations of nature, Aristotle recognized â€Å"affinities† among organisms. He concluded that life-forms could be arranged on a ladder, or scale, of increasing complexity, called the scala naturae. Each form, perfect and permanent, had its allotted rung on this ladder. The Old Testament: The Old Testament holds that species were individually designed by God and therefore perfect. Carolus Linnaeus: Linnaeus adopted a nested classification system, grouping similar species into increasingly general categories. Linnaeus, adhering to the Old Testament belief that all species were designed by God, did not ascribe the resemblances among species to evolutionary kinship, but rather to the pattern of their creation. Explain the role of fossils in rock strata as a window to life in earlier times. Many fossils are found in sedimentary rocks formed from the sand and mud that settle to the bottom of seas, lakes, swamps, and other aquatic habitats. New layers of sediment cover older ones and compress them into superimposed layers of rock called strata. The fossils in particular strata provide a glimpse of some of the organisms that populated Earth at the time that the layer formed. How would Georges Cuvier have explained the appearance of the record of life shown in the rock strata? Cuvier opposed the idea of evolution. He advocated catastrophism, the principle that events in the past occurred suddenly and were caused by mechanisms different from those operating in the present. Copyright  © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Cuvier speculated that each boundary between strata represented a catastrophe, such as a flood, that had destroyed many of the species living at that time. James Hutton and Charles Lyell were geologists whose ideas strongly influenced Darwin’s thinking. What were the ideas each of them contributed? James Hutton : Hutton proposed that Earth’s geologic features could be explained by gradual mechanisms still operating today, such as valley formed by rivers. Charles Lyell: Lyell incorporated Hutton’s thinking into his principle of uniformitarianism, which states that mechanisms of change are constant over time. Lyell proposed that the same geologic processes are operating today as in the past, and at the same rate. What is the importance of the principle of uniformitarianism? If geologic change results from slow, continuous actions rather than from sudden events, then Earth must be much older than the widely accepted age of a few thousand years. Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck proposed a mechanism for how life changes over time. Explain the two principles of his mechanism. use and disuse: The idea that parts of the body that are used extensively become larger and stronger, while those that are not used deteriorate. inheritance of acquired characteristics: This idea states that an organism could pass these modifications of use and disuse to its offspring. Although Lamarck’s mechanism of evolution does not explain the changes in species over time, his thinking has been influential. What is considered to be the great importance of his ideas? Lamarck recognized that the match of organisms to their environments can be explained by gradual evolutionary change rather than special creation. Concept 22.2 Descent with modification by natural selection explains the adaptations of organisms and the unity and diversity of life Charles Darwin proposed that the mechanism of evolution is natural selection and that it explains how adaptations arise. What are adaptations? Give two examples of adaptations. Adaptations are inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments. Possible examples include the mottled coloration of a fawn that allows it to blend with its environment, or the sharp talons and beaks of birds of prey so well suited for predation. Explain the process of natural selection. In the process of natural selection, individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. Let’s try to summarize Darwin’s observations that drive changes in species over time: Observation 1. Variations in traits exist. Cite an Example Variation in color and spot pattern of Asian ladybird beetles 2. These variations (traits) are heritable. Variation in closely related species of elephants; offspring resemble close relatives more than other members of a population. 3. Species overproduce. Dandelions produce thousands of seeds. 4. There is competition for resources; not all offspring survive. Not all dandelion seeds germinate or survive to maturity From these four observations, what two inferences did Darwin make? 1. Individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment tend to leave more offspring than other individuals. 2. The unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations. It is important to remember that differences in heritable traits can lead to differential reproductive success. This means that the individuals who have the necessary traits to promote survival in the current environment will leave the most offspring. How can this differential reproductive success affect the match between organisms and their environment? When such advantages increase the number of offspring that survive and reproduce, the traits that are favored will likely appear at a greater frequency in the next generation. To demonstrate your understanding of this section, complete the following sentences: Individuals do not evolve. Populations evolve. Now, take out your highlighter and mark the information in the box above. Hold these ideas firmly in your brain! Finally, if you are ever asked to explain Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection (a common AP essay question), do not pull out the phrase â€Å"survival of the fittest.† Instead, cite the points made in question 11 and explain the inferences that are drawn from them. Copyright  © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Concept 22.3 Evolution is supported by an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence 15. Use Figure 22.13 in your text to explain how research with soapberry bugs demonstrated observable evolutionary change. Museum specimens showed that the average beak length of soapberry bugs was comparable to that of soapberry bugs feeding on native species in southern Florida. However, contemporary data suggest that a change in the size of the soapberry bug’s food source, as seen with the introduction of the goldenrain tree, can result in evolution by natural selection for matching beak size. MRSA is in the news today because it is becoming increasingly more common. What is it? MRSA is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, a flesh-eating strain How did it become so dangerous? Explain the evolution of MRSA’s resistance to methicillin. MRSA became dangerous because, over time, doctors used a variety of antibiotics, such as penicillin, to combat MRSA. Each time a new antibiotic was used to fight the disease, some S. aureus populations would develop resistance to the new drug. In 1959, doctors used the powerful antibiotic methicillin. Members of the S. aureus population that were resistant to methicillin reproduced at higher rates, leading to the spread of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Do antibiotics cause bacteria to become resistant? Explain your response. No. A drug does not create resistant pathogens; it selects for resistant individuals that are already present in the population. Let’s make a list of the four evidences for evolution that are described in this concept. Give an example of each. Evidence for Evolution Example Direct observations of evolutionary change Homology Possible examples include the evolution of MRSA or the change in beak size in soapberry bugs. Possible examples include the similarities between mammalian forelimbs. Possible examples include fossils that show ancestors of cetaceans had hind limbs. Possible examples include the creation of the evolutionary tree of horses, based on fossil locations. Fossil record Biogeography How does the fossil record give evidence for evolution? The fossil record documents the pattern of evolution, showing that past organisms differed from present-day organisms and that many species have become extinct. Copyright  © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. What is meant by each of the following terms? Give an example of each. Term Homologous structures Vestigial structures Analogous structures (see p. 465) Explanation/Example Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry. For example, mammalian forelimbs. A feature of an organism that is a historical remnant of a structure that served a function in the organism’s ancestors. For example, skeletons of some snakes retain vestiges of the pelvis and leg bones. Having characteristics that are similar because of convergent evolution, not homology. For example, the wing of a butterfly and wing of a bat both make flight possible. How do homologous structures give evidence for evolution? Homologous structures represent variations on a structural theme that was present in the common ancestors of a species. What is summarized in an evolutionary tree? An evolutionary tree reflects evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms. Figure 22.17 in your text shows an evolutionary tree. What is indicated by each branch point in the following figure? Mark each branch point. Each branch point represents the common ancestors of the lineage beginning there and to the right of it. Refer to Figure 22.17 on page 464. What is indicated by the hatch marks in Figure 22.17? A hatch mark represents a homologous characteristic shared by all the groups to the right of the mark. Use the tree in question 24 to answer this question: Are crocodiles more closely related to lizards or to birds? Explain your response. Based on this evolutionary tree, crocodiles are more closely related to birds than to lizards because they share a more common ancestor with the birds than with lizards. On the evolutionary tree, label the vertical lines to the right, and annotate the key feature that marks each group. See page 464 of your text for the labeled figure. Organisms that are only distantly related can resemble each other. Explain convergent evolution, and describe how analogous structures can arise. Convergent evolution is the independent evolution of similar features in different lineages. In such examples as the marsupials of Australia, in which species share features because of convergent evolution, the resemblance is said to be analogous. Analogous features share similar function, but not common ancestry. Copyright  © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Convergent evolution might be summarized like this: Similar problem, similar solution. Can you give two examples of convergent evolution? Answers will vary but may include the sugar glider and the flying squirrel, and the evolution of wings in birds and bats. Study Tip Homologous structures show evidence of relatedness (whale fin, bat wing). Analogous structures are similar solutions to similar problems but do not indicate close relatedness (bird wing, butterfly wing). What is biogeography? How is it affected by continental drift and the presence of endemic species? Biogeography is the geographic distribution of species. The geographic distribution of organisms is influenced by many factors, including continental drift, the slow movement of Earth’s movement over time, and the presence of endemic species, species that are found nowhere else in the world. Let’s wrap up all of these ideas with a final summary. ORGANIZE YOUR THOUGHTS Evolution is change in species over time. Heritable variations exist within a population. These variations can result in differential reproductive success. Over generations, this can result in changes in the genetic composition of the population. And remember: Individuals do not evolve! Populations evolve. Test Your Understanding Answers Now you should be ready to test your knowledge. Place your answers here: 1. b Copyright  © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Point Shaving :: essays research papers

I think that it’s a tragedy to see that many collegiate athletes are involved in gambling situations. It’s hard on the athletes too, because they’re not getting paid to play the game so it’s hard to resist thousands of dollars to only win by a few, in cases on point shaving. When I was watching that movie â€Å"Blue Chips†, which is all about illegal college betting and buying athletes to come to their school, there was a scene involving the coach and the point guard regarding a point shaving incident three years ago. After the student was harassed by the coach he finally confessed saying, â€Å"We won the game, we just didn’t beat the spread. That’s only for those gamblers anyway†. He has a point with what he said but that’s not the point. A lot of young athletes do see point shaving as partaking in an illegal and unlawful event or don’t believe that much in it, morally. So people say that if the college players were getting paid none of this would happen. I don’t know if giving the players a stipend is going end this because unless you’re paying the athletes thousands of dollars a week or a game, the stipend won’t be more than what they’re being offered. I do think that it might help but I’m not sure if that help is going to make a big enough difference. On the same note, if you eliminate spreads, can they be sure that it will make a difference when it comes to gambling. Don’t get me wrong, eliminating the spreads would decrease the amounts of point shaving incidents, but it won’t necessarily stop them. Bookies can make up their own spreads and ask players to shave points regardless of the fact that the spread is not publicized. The bookie has an idea by about how much one team may beat another. I understand that they will probably never â€Å"eliminate collegiate gambling† but they’re t rying to limit and reduce it and I’m all for it too. Unfortunately there is the big issue of the politicians and their campaigning for funds and it’s going to be hard to control that too. I can understand why Congress isn’t closing the Nevada loophole or at least delaying it, but I still don’t agree with it.

Web Mining Homework

A Recommender System Based On Web Data Mining for Personalized E-learning Jinhua Sun Department of Computer Science and Technology Xiamen University of Technology, XMUT Xiamen, China [email  protected] edu. cn Yanqi Xie Department of Computer Science and Technology Xiamen University of Technology, XMUT Xiamen, China [email  protected] edu. cn Abstract—In this paper, we introduce a web data mining olution to e-learning system to discover hidden patterns strategies from their learners and web data, describe a personalized recommender system that uses web mining techniques for recommending a student which (next) links to visit within an adaptable e-learning system, propose a new framework based on data mining technology for building a Web-page recommender system, and demonstrate how data mining technology can be effectively applied in an e-learning environment.Keywords–Data mining; web log,;e-learning; recommender readily interpreted by the analyst. A virtual e-learnin g framework is proposed, and how to enhance e-learning through web data mining is discussed. II. RELATED WORK I. INTRODUCTION With the rapid development of the World Wide Web, Web data mining has been extensively used in the past for analyzing huge collections of data, and is currently being applied to a variety of domains [1]. In the recent years, e-learning is becoming common practice and widespread in China.With the development of e-Learning, massive amounts of learning courses are available on the e-Learning system. When entering e-Learning System, the learners are unable to know where to begin to learn with various courses. Therefore, learners waste a lot of time on e-Learning system, but don’t get the effective learning result. It is very difficult and time consuming for educators to thoroughly track and assess all the activities performed by all learners.In order to overcome such a problem, the recommender learning system is required. Recommender systems are used on ma ny web sites to help users find interesting items [2], them predict a user's preference and suggest items by analyzing the past preference information of users, e-learning system is applied on the basis of the method. The user’s learning route is given and then provides the relevant learners useful messages through dynamically searching for the appropriate learning profile.This paper recommends learners the studying activities or learning profile through the technology of Web Mining with the purpose of helping they adopt a proper learning profile, we describe a framework that aims at solution to e-learning to discover the hidden insight of learning profile and web data. We demonstrate how data mining technology can be effectively applied in an e-learning environment. The framework we propose takes the results of the data mining process as input, and converts these results into actionable knowledge, by enriching them with information that can beThe route where the learner brow ses through the web pages will be noted down in Web log, carries on the technology of Web mining through Learning Profile and Web log, and analyzes from the materials related to association rule. It can be found the best learning profile from this information. These learning profiles combine with the Agent and put them on the learning website. Furthermore, the Agent recommends the function of learning profiles on learning website. Therefore, the learner will acquire a better learning profile.This chapter briefly illustrates the relevant contents including: e-Learning, Learning Profile, Agent, Web Data mining and Association rule. A. E-learning E-learning is the online delivery of information for purposes of education, training, or knowledge management. In the Information age skills and knowledge need to be continually updated and refreshed to keep up with today’s fastpaced study environment. E-learning is also growing as a delivery method for information in the education fiel d and is becoming a major learning activity. It is a Web-enabled system that makes knowledge accessible to those who need it.They can learn anytime and anywhere. E-learning can be useful both as an environment for facilitating learning at schools and as an environment for efficient and effective corporate training [3]. B. A Glance at Web Data Web usage mining performs mining on web data, particularly data stored in logs managed by the web servers. All accesses to a web site or a web-based application are tracked by the web server in a log containing chronologically ordered transactions indicating that a given URL was requested at a given time from a given machine using a given web client (i. e. browser).As shown in table 1, Web log contains the website â€Å"hit† information, such as visitor’s IP address, date and time, required pages, and status code indicating. The web log raw 978-1-4244-4994-1/09/$25. 00  ©2009 IEEE data is required to be converted into database f ormat, so that data mining algorithms can be applied to it. TABLE I. WEB LOG EXAMPLES Web logs 172. 158. 133. 121 – – [01/Nov/2006:23:46:00 -0800] â€Å"GET /work /assignmnts/midterm-solutions. pdf HTTP/1. 1†³206 29803 2006-12-14 00:23:56 209. 247. 40. 108 – 168. 144. 44. 231 GET /robots. txt – 200 600 119 125 HTTP/1. 0 www. a0598. com ia_archiver – – sefulness and certainty of a rule respectively [5]. Support, as usefulness of a rule, describes the proportion of transactions that contain both items A and B, and confidence, as validity of a rule, describes the proportion of transactions containing item B among the transactions containing item A. The association rules that satisfy user specified minimum support threshold (minSup) and minimum confidence threshold (minCon) are called strong association rules. D. Web Mining for E-learning Learning profile help learner to keep a record of their current knowledge and understanding of e-learn ing and elearning activities.Web mining is the application of data mining techniques to discover meaningful patterns, profiles, and trends from both the content and usage of Web sites. Web usage mining performs mining on web data, particularly data stored in logs managed by the web servers. The web log provides a raw trace of the learners’ navigation and activities on the site. In order to process these log entries and extract valuable patterns that could be used to enhance the learning system or help in the learning evaluation, a significant cleaning and transformation phase needs to take place so as to prepare the information for data mining algorithms [6].Web server log files of current common web servers contain insufficient data upon which to base thorough analysis. The data we use to construct our recommended system is based on association rules. E. Recommendation Using Association Rules One of the best-known examples of data mining in recommender systems is the discove ry of association rules, or item-to-item correlations [7]. Association rules have been used for many years in merchandising, both to analyze patterns of preference across products, and to recommend products to consumers based on other products they have selected.Recommendation using association rules is to predict preference for item k when the user preferred item i and j, by adding confidence of the association rules that have k in the result part and i or j in the condition part [4]. An association rule expresses the relationship that one product is often purchased along with other products. The number of possible association rules grows exponentially with the number of products in a rule, but constraints on confidence and support, combined with algorithms that build association rules with item sets of n items from rules with n-1 item sets, reduce the effective search space.Association rules can form a very compact representation of preference data that may improve efficiency of s torage as well as performance. In its simplest implementation, item-to-item correlation can be used to identify â€Å"matching items† for a single item, such as other clothing items that are commonly purchased with a pair of pants. More powerful systems match an entire set of items, such as those in a customer's shopping cart, to identify appropriate items to recommend. The web data is massive since the visitor’s every click in the website will leave several records in the tables.This also allows the website owner to track visitors’ behavior details and discover valuable patterns. C. Data Mining Techniques The term data mining refers to a broad spectrum of mathematical modeling techniques and software tools that are used to find patterns in data and user these to build models. In this context of recommender applications, the term data mining is used to describe the collection of analysis techniques used to infer recommendation rules or build recommendation model s from large data sets.Recommender systems that incorporate data mining techniques make their recommendations using knowledge learned from the actions and attributes of users. Classical data mining techniques include classification of users, finding associations between different product items or customer behavior, and clustering of users [4]. 1) Clustering Clustering techniques work by identifying groups of consumers who appear to have similar preferences. Once the clusters are created, averaging the opinions of the other consumers in her cluster can be used to make predictions for an individual.Some clustering techniques represent each user with partial participation in several clusters. The prediction is then an average across the clusters, weighted by degree of participation. 2) Classification Classifiers are general computational models for assigning a category to an input. The inputs may be vectors of features for the items being classified or data about relationships among th e items. The category is a domain-specific classification such as malignant/benign for tumor classification, approve/reject for credit requests, or intruder/authorized for security checks.One way to build a recommender system using a classifier is to use information about a product and a customer as the input, and to have the output category represent how strongly to recommend the product to the customer. 3) Association Rules Mining Association rule mining is to search for interesting relationships between items by finding items frequently appeared together in the transaction database. If item B appeared frequently when item A appeared, then an association rule is denoted as A B (if A, then B).The support and confidence are two measures of rule interestingness that reflect III. WEB DATA MINING FRAMEWORK FOR E-COMMERCE RECOMMENDER SYSTEMS A. A Visual Web Log Mining Architecture for Personalized E-learning Recommender System In this section, we present A Visual Web Log Mining Architec ture for e-learning recommender to enable personalized, named V-WebLogMiner, which relies on mining and on visualization of Web Services log data captured in elearning environment. The V-WebLogMiner is such a odel: with the mining technology and analysis of web logs or other records, the system could find learners’ interests and habits. While an old learner is visiting the website, the system will automatically match with the active session and recommend the most relevant hyperlinks what the learner interests. As shown in Figure1, V-WebLogMiner is a multi-layered architecture capable to deal with both Web learner profiles and traditional Web server logs as input data. It maintains three main components: data preprocessing module, Web mining module and recommendation module. ) Web Mining Module The Web mining module discovers valuable knowledge assets from the data repository containing learners' personal data by executes the mining algorithms, tracked data of learners' perfor mance and behavior, automatically identify each learner’s frequently sequential pages and store them to recommend database. When the learner visit the site next time, hyperlinks of those pages will be added so that the learner could directly link to his individual pages being remembered.The major component of Web mining module is Web data mining which acts as a conductor controlling and synchronizing every component within the module. The Web data mining module is also responsible for interfacing with the storage. The learning profile evaluation component provide profiling tool to collect personal data of learner and tracking tool to observe learners' actions including like and dislike information. For personalization applications, we apply rule discovery methods individually to every learner’s data.To discover rules that describe the behavior of individual learner, we use various data mining algorithms, such as Apriori [8] for association rules and CART (Classificatio n and Regression Tress) [9] for classification. 3) Recommendation Module The recommendation module is a recommendations engine; it is in charge of bulk loading data from course database, executing SQL commands against it and provides the list of recommended links to visualization tools.For the recommendation module, recommendations engine is responsible for the synchronizing process indexing and mapping, is a component for storing and searching recommend assets to be used in the learning process. The recommendation engine considers the active learners in conjunction with the recommended database to provide personalized recommendations, it directly related to the personalization on the website and the development of elearning system. The task of the recommendation engine is to determine the type of the learner online and compute recommendations based on the recent actions of that learner.The decision is based on the knowledge attained from the recommended database. The recommender en gine is activated each time that the learner visits a web page. First, if there are clusters in the recommended database, then the engine has to classify the current learner to determine the most likely cluster. We have to communicate with the engine to know the current number of pages visited and average knowledge of the learner. Then, we use the centroid minimum distance method [10] for assigning the learner to the cluster whose centroid is closest to that learner.Finally, we make the recommendation according to the rules in the cluster. So, only the rules of the corresponding cluster are used to match the current web page in order to obtain the current list of recommended links [11]. 4) The Visualization tools Visualization tools should be used to present implicit and useful knowledge from recommendations engine, Web services usage and composition. Data can be viewed at different levels Figure 1. A visual web mining architecture for Personalized E-learning Recommender System ) Da ta Preprocessing Module The data preprocessing module is set of programs used to prepare data for further processing. For instance: extraction, cleaning, transformation and loading. This module uses Web log files and learner profile files to feed the data repository. The data preparation component is used to parse and transform plain ASCII files produced by a Web server to a standard database format. This component is important to make the architecture independent from the Web server supplier. of granularity and abstractions as patrolled coordinate’s graphs [12, 13].This visual model easily shows the interrelationships and dependencies between different components. Interactively, the model can be used to discover sensitivities and to do approximate optimization, etc. B. The Procedure of the Data is Explained As show in figure 1, the beginning learner, that is to say the earliest one, will study in the e-Learning teaching platform. The course materials of Web studying system c ome from the course database. The data of learner’s learning profiles may be recorded in the learner profile files and Web log files.Then next step is to find out the best learning profile from the proceeded data of Web log through web mining to proceed with Association rule and others data mining algorithm. These learning profiles need to be classified—every field has relevant courses and better learning profiles. The recommender engine will offer the list of recommended links when learners study the courses. With the above information and learning profiles, when the future learners study in Web, recommender engine offers related link lists according to recommend database. However, these link lists may not be suitable for all learners.Therefore, after finishing recommendation every time, there are systems of assessing. The learner (n +1) evaluates the learning profiles that are recommended. Because the profiles analyzed by system may not be perfect, if there are adjus tments of evaluation would make the recommendation conform to learners’ asks more. These suggestions can help learners navigate better relevant resources and fast recommend the on-line materials, which help learners to select pertinent learning activities to improve their performance based on on-line behavior of successful learners.IV. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK There are some possible extensions to this work. Research for analyzing learners’ past studying pattern will enable to detect an appropriate. Furthermore, it will be an interesting research area to effectively judge session boundaries and to improve the efficiency of algorithms for web data mining. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial subsidy provided by the Xiamen Science and Technology Bureau under 3502Z20077023, 3502Z20077021 and YKJ07013R project. REFERENCES [1] [2] D. J. H and, H. Mannila, and P. Smyth.Principles of Data Mining. MIT Press, 2000. J. B. Schafer, J. A. Konstan, and J. Riedl. Recommender systems in ecommerce. In ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce, pages 158166, 1999. Liaw, S. & Hung ,H. How Web Technology Can facilitate Learning. Information Systems Management, 2002. Choonho Kim and Juntae Kim, A Recommendation Algorithm Using Multi-Level Association Rules, Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE/WIC International Conference on Web Intelligence, p. 524, October 13-17, 2003. J. Han and M. Kamber, Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques, Morgan Kaurmann Publishers, 2000 Za ane, O.R. & Luo, J. Towards evaluating learners’ behaviour in a web-based distance learning environment. In Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT01), p. 357– 360, 2001. Sarwar, B. , Karypis, G. , Konstan, J. A. , & Reidl, J. Item-based Collaborative Filtering Recommendation Algorithms. Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on World Wide Web, pp. 285 – 295, 2001. R. Agrawal et al. , Fast Discovery of Association Rul es, Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, AAAI Press, Menlo Park, Calif. , 1996, chap. 12. L. Breiman et al. Classification and Regression Trees, Wadsworth, Belmont, Calif. , 1984. MacQueen, J. B. Some Methods for classification and Analysis of Multivariate Observations. In Proceedings of of 5-th Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, 1967, pp. 281297. Cristobal Romero, Sebastian Ventura and Jose A. Delgado et al. , Personalized Links Recommendation Based on Data Mining in Adaptive Educational Hypermedia Systems, Creating New Learning Experiences on a Global Scale,2007, pp. 292-306. Inselberg, A. Multidimensionl detective, In IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization, 1997, vol. 00, p. 00-110 . Ware, C. Information Visualization: Perception for Design,Morgan Kaufmann, New York, 2000. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] Recommender systems have emerged as powerful tools for helping users find and evaluate items of interest. The research work presente d in this paper makes several contributions to the recommender systems for personalized e-learning. First of all, we propose a new framework based on web data mining technology for building a Web-page recommender system. Additionally, we demonstrate how web data mining technology can be effectively applied in an e-learning environment. [11] [12] [13]